NAD+ is a cofactor, not a claim
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a redox cofactor central to cellular oxidation-reduction reactions. In research, it is studied as a substrate and coenzyme in cell-based assays — a defined chemical role, rather than a marketed benefit.
Mitochondrial-derived peptides
Mitochondrial-derived peptides are short sequences encoded within mitochondrial DNA regions. MOTS-c is the most studied example, characterized in in vitro and preclinical models for effects on cellular energetics and stress response pathways.
How findings are reported
The literature reports these compounds in terms of measurable endpoints — enzyme activity, nucleotide levels, gene expression — within defined cell models. The limits of in vitro work are stated explicitly; findings in a culture dish are not extrapolated to whole-organism outcomes.
Sourcing considerations
For these materials, confirm the salt or free form, the stated content per vial, and the lot documentation. A certificate that reports identity, purity, and content lets you match the material to the literature conditions you are reproducing.